Environment and Global Warming Essay

A dangerous atmospheric devation has been a significant issue throughout the previous multi decade or so everywhere throughout the world. The atmosphere is changing and the temperatures on the earth surface are heating up because of increment in measure of green house gases (GHGs, for example, carbon dioxide radiated into the air. An Earth-wide temperature boost is characterized as an expansion in the normal earth’s temperatures which as result prompts an adjustment in the general worldwide atmosphere. The effects of a dangerous atmospheric devation are very various and they incorporate biological system shakiness, an ascent in ocean level, increment in vermin and sicknesses, medical issues, loss of natural magnificence because of outrageous climate conditions, for example, floods, storms thus fourth (Abarbanel et al. , 2002, 22-23, 57-63). An Earth-wide temperature boost has been seen as for the most part brought about by human exercises coming about because of over dependence on petroleum products as a wellspring of vitality which increment the green house gases outflows into the air. Examination has likewise indicated another side of a worldwide temperature alteration whereby, air toxins radiated by petroleum products are liable for making mists to reflect more sun’s beams back to the space. This impact is known as worldwide darkening and it prompts less light arriving at the earth surface. This worldwide diminishing is liable for causing dry spells because of absence of downpour particularly in the Northern Hemisphere and it likewise covers the real impacts of a dangerous atmospheric devation prompting their underestimation (Abbot et al. , 2000, 159-176). The impacts of an Earth-wide temperature boost on nature are exceptionally risky and costly and all the administrations on the planet concur that something must be finished. In this regard, the unified countries have concocted a system show on environmental change which is liable for thinking of understandings, for example, the Kyoto convention among others. The Kyoto convention is a universal understanding passed by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate (UNFCCC) in 1994 which was planned for tending to an unnatural weather change and environmental change gives everywhere throughout the world. This understanding sets focuses for all the industrialized countries on the planet which they are required to comply with so as to lessen the measure of green house gases radiated by those businesses situated in the particular countries. This convention is considered as the best understanding came to by individuals from the United Nations which will undoubtedly secure the earth and guarantee reasonable turn of events. How a national strategy can assist with tending to a worldwide issue. National arrangements have an incredible task to carry out in handling significant national and worldwide difficulties, for example, environmental change, globalization, practical vitality needs, etc. The answers for such issues require advancements which can see past the difficult mindfulness and concoct arrangements planned for decreasing their natural and monetary effects on a drawn out premise. Such issues as a general rule require the execution of a national strategy which will address the issue both broadly and globally. An approach is intended to guarantee that the issue is tended to from a main issue of view and that all the concerned gatherings are talking in one voice. A case of a worldwide issue which is right now causing significant worries in the entire world is a dangerous atmospheric devation. In spite of the fact that its belongings are to a great extent felt in the industrialized nations, the general impacts of environmental change are clear in all countries on the grounds that the contaminations transmitted in one piece of the globe rapidly scatter to every single other piece of the globe (Hay 2002). With developing worry on this issue of a worldwide temperature alteration and carbon contamination, a national strategy for economical advancement is basic to address this issue and concoct rules and guidelines planned for controlling the emanation of carbon toxins and other green house gases into the climate. To viably address the impacts of a dangerous atmospheric devation and atmosphere changes, all the world governments must think of national natural approaches, proficient mechanical methodologies and imagine new wellsprings of vitality which are cleaner and progressively practical. Dissimilar to regular ecological strategies, for example, the ones set by the United Nations and other world associations, national arrangements made by singular nations centered towards tending to a specific worldwide issue will undoubtedly be increasingly compelling on the grounds that such measures will undoubtedly accomplish decreases which are in accordance with the national interests at the most minimal national costs conceivable. For example, to address the issue of an Earth-wide temperature boost, Australia has thought of a three-column national strategy planned for diminishing the measure of toxins discharged to the climate by its businesses and accordingly, the legislature has needed to make some financial changes which are positive for its monetary solidness so as to oblige this approach (Miller and Tyler, 1987, 19-23). Australia’s national strategy in tending to a dangerous atmospheric devation Australia has been helpless against atmosphere changes and serious repercussions of issues related with ineffectively planned approaches planned for tending to this issue. An intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) discharged a report in 2007 showing that the Australia’s normal atmosphere is relied upon to change by around five degrees continuously 2070 because of the high pace of emanation of GHGs in the nation except if the administration finds a brisk and enduring answer for this worldwide danger (Steger et al. , 2004, 33-46). Such a temperature change will undoubtedly influence the biological systems, vitality assets, populace wellbeing, farming, the travel industry just as different areas of the nation’s economy. A portion of this impacts to individuals and environments are as of now being felt because of an expansion of around 0. 9 degrees in the yearly normal temperatures. This impacts provoked the administration to encourage the Garnaut environmental change survey in June and confirmation of the Kyoto convention on third Dec 2007 as a method of exhibiting the government’s pledge to tending to the a dangerous atmospheric devation and environmental change everywhere throughout the world. By consenting to the Kyoto convention, the Australian government has communicated eagerness to take care of carbon decrease as a method of managing a dangerous atmospheric devation. The Garnaut audit concentrated on inspecting the environmental change and its impact on the nation’s economy and has thought of strategies and strategy systems planned for improving practical turn of events. The draft report delivered after this audit introduced a point by point assessment of the environmental change and its suggestions on Australia as a solitary country. Following the Garnaut draft report demonstrating that the effects of a dangerous atmospheric devation and environmental change in Australia are relied upon to be more prominent than those accomplished in the other created nations, the administration has chosen to concoct an environmental change strategy to guarantee a more secure society, a progressively steady economy and less atmosphere changes later on. This arrangement is centered around tending to three significant issues. That is; †¢ Reducing the measure of green house gases produced by businesses in the nation. †¢ Adapting to those effects of atmosphere changes which can not be switched or changed. †¢ Contributing to the accomplishment of a worldwide answer for the issue of an unnatural weather change. (Milutin, 2003, 42-56) The Australian government utilizing this strategy has presented an emanation exchanging plan and a system for carbon decrease which will assist with lessening the GHGs discharge by up to 60 percent constantly 2050. A decrease in the national GHGs outflow will place Australia in a superior situation to impact the universal networks in progressing in the direction of a low carbon condition (Julian, 2003, 495-503). Also, the Australian government is focused on advancing a modern arrangement planned for encouraging interest in cleaner, greener and progressively supportable vitality assets and expanding the monetary open doors in the nation. This industry strategy has assisted with creating complete procedures which incorporate nearby substance rules and buying arrangements to give long haul answers for environmental change (Derek, 2002, 115-120). As indicated by the ecological approaches set by the Australian government, the natural principles for its ventures are set exceptionally high so as to confine them from discharging poisons to the air (Migeotte, 2002, 519-520). The Australia’s local strategies will undoubtedly influence the worldwide validity and the capacity to obtain a worldwide answer for an Earth-wide temperature boost. The drawn out national objective which is intended to diminish the discharges by around 60 percent before the year 2050 spots the complete worldwide exertion and carbon contamination plots in a superior situation to accomplishing an answer for the overall issue and consequently, this national approach is a positive development. Decision Global warming presents an extraordinary natural, social and monetary test which requires dire consideration from governments everywhere throughout the globe. The Australian government has done a ton to show that it is focused on disposing of this worldwide issue through foundation of an ecological strategy and endorsement of the Kyoto conventions built up by the United countries system show on environmental change. This has significantly helped the nation to lessen the measure of GHGs outflow and carbon toxins into the air prompting a cleaner domain and it has assisted with tending to the worldwide issue on the loose. This shows the utilization of all around executed thorough national arrangements can help to satisfactorily address worldwide issues, for example, a dangerous atmospheric devation. References Abarbanel, Albert, and Thomas McCluskey (2002). â€Å"Is the World Getting Warmer? † Saturday Evening Post, 1 July, pp. 22-23, 57-63. Abbot, Charles G. , and F. E. Fowle, Jr. (2000). â€Å"Income and Outgo of Heat from the Earth, and the Dependence of Its Temperature Thereon. † Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory (Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC

Intro to Chicano Studies

David E. Dominguez April 21, 2013 ECC RM 169 Introduction to Chicano Studies Midterm Have you at any point seen the various similitudes among you and your companions? No? Maybe the manner in which you talk upon each other, the tone, perhaps the lingual authority, or even the language structure of your voice would all be able to be separated of ones culture. In any case, correspondence is just one of the a lot of key components when taking in and processing the term, ‘Culture’ alongside its varied and boundless meaning.Now, when I state, â€Å"take in and digest†, I essentially am alluding to demonstration of grasping and understanding the total importance of the word and its impact on our regular daily existence. Numerous experts, for example, Anthropologist, Doctors, Psychologist, Economist and a lot more Scientist have their own meaning of what culture might be, just as your ordinary neighbors, colleagues, collaborators, and even instructors. So for what reason is this measly word so important?Well figure this, there is just one race everything else is culture, here in the United States of America we are what is characterized as a multi-social society, across the country. This implies inside our nation leave various lifestyles, diversion, appearance, language, social classes, and even numerous passings because of ailment, subsequently bringing about a fantastic measure of what are called social clashes.Categorized as cognizant and oblivious, these encounters enormously affect our human progress. Culture is a fundamental piece of contention and compromise. Societies resemble underground streams that go through our lives and connections, giving us messages that shape our discernments, attributions, decisions, and thoughts of self and other. In spite of the fact that societies are ground-breaking, they are regularly oblivious, impacting strife and endeavors to determine struggle in intangible ways.In different words, there are numerous condit ions wherein these sorts of contentions are it could be said, wild, which means our administrative arrangement of life may have been pre-judged, presently uncovered with me here, to my comprehension because of my examination, societies are more than language, dress, and food customs. Social gatherings may share race, ethnicity, or nationality, yet they additionally emerge from cleavages of age, financial class, sexual direction, capacity and incapacity, political and strict association, language, and sex nd this equitable to call upon a couple. There are likewise a lot of speculations to this term, culture. For instance, The Resource Pot characterizes culture as shared adaption of decent variety throughout everyday life, likewise as regard and commended assorted variety. Then again, the idea and hypothesis of The Salad Bowl uncovers another significance to culture, for example, cultural assimilation, cultural assimilation is when at least two societies come into mental, physical, or even natural contact and start to change their unique traditions to additionally adjust to that in which they have discovered.This hypothesis likewise peruses that this piece of culture is â€Å"color blind†, not truly obviously yet emblematically, towards race and ethnicity. Finally there is the hypothesis of The Melting Pot, which is an increasingly self-assured and forceful type of cultural assimilation, in which the predominant of the two societies will succeed and topple, maybe. This specific hypothesis additionally depicts the word Ethnocentrism. This is the demonstration of making a decision about ones culture dependent on your own cultures’ ways as well as beliefs.Emic and Etic are terms utilized by anthropologists and other social researchers alluding to two distinct kinds of information gathered on human conduct. Regularly utilized by social anthropologists, a â€Å"emic† perspective is one where the examination of conduct and social frameworks is cha racterized in wording that are significant to the person who is a member inside that culture, otherwise called a â€Å"insider's view†. The emic viewpoint emerges from the member of the way of life being observed.Now, the Etic perspective is which originates from the â€Å"outsiders† of the specific culture wherein is being watched. In an examination, the Etic point of view is utilized if the portrayals are as per logical spectators. The etic point of view utilizes an increasingly coherent, scientific and anthropological investigation of one who doesn't take an interest in the social that is being watched. In any case, in spite of any contrasts between these two points of view, and because of my instructive research, anthropologists concur that any ethnographic work should be spoken to utilizing both the emic and etic views.To completely comprehend a culture, anthropologists must have the option to comprehend the way of life compassionately and deductively. The two met hodologies work off each other and take into consideration a more extensive comprehension of culture. Additionally, there are numerous components wherein may impact ones social and individual practices/way of life just as their mindset and mental judgment or understanding. Just to bring up a couple educational encounters, condition, individual decisions, and Adversity†¦ ersonally, I trust you need to offer back to those more deprived to completely comprehend who you are as an individual, in today’s society it is a â€Å"give me about me† society and the more you give the more you gain as an individual and the more you develop and build up your own authentic not fabricated qualities. Indeed, I said made qualities, in all honesty yet individuals are commonly molded and framed into who they are because of what they watch or see on the TV screen or from what they hear on the radio broadcasts, even inside our kids, its an epidemic.The attitude of the adolescent in any network just as anyplace else over the globe, is entirely artless and helpless. For example, I watch the TV programs on the Disney Channel that my multi year old, prospective multi year old younger sibling watches, and I have discovered that in each appearing there is consistent tender and cherishing connections between little fellows and young ladies. Presently despite the fact that it is depicted as funniness and may appear to be totally guiltless, it makes me wonder how this will impact my infant later on, alongside the sexual and personal verses played both on the radio broadcasts and at home.I feel that the media adds to the plague of pregnancy in young ladies now a days. That is only one closely-held conviction of perception from my point of view as a more established sibling just as a youthful Chicano. I have gone over these associations between Disney Channel’s youthful issues, the radio broadcasts, and the pandemic of pregnancy through my very own encounters and repr esentations of the young in my family and over the city. My hypothesis goes on significantly more into profundity however lets remain on topic.The media is just another component in which may impact ones personality; another includes the earth, the natural surroundings, and the creatures all around the person. At the point when we enter the world we enter stripped genuinely, socially, and socially. Not at all like other living animals people need social experience to gain proficiency with their way of life and endure. Just people depend on culture as opposed to senses to guarantee the endurance of their sort. The normal thing to people is to make culture. Culture must be educated it isn't separated of an organic make up; yet our natural make up makes culture possible.We as people don't acquire propensities and convictions we procure them throughout social encounters. We come into this existence without a language, social class, values, ethics, religion, race, we don't have the foggi est idea how to love or despise. It is through human contact that individuals figure out how to become individuals from the human network. Culture is the qualities, convictions, practices, and materials that structure the lifestyle for people. Culture deciphers our environmental factors for us and gives us meaning and permits us to communicate ourselves.To get familiar with any culture is to become familiar with a person’s qualities, thoughts and of what is alluring throughout everyday life. Qualities underline or inclinations, aides or decisions, show what we hold advantageous throughout everyday life. Qualities help characterize the character of a culture, yet it doesn't give explicit courses of activities. With no ethics or qualities in life there is no culture, and by and by, without culture what is life? What is the purpose of existence without Culture? Without Culture life would be trivial and exhausting, I think it is an exceptional specialty to take in ones culture wh o contrasts from you.

HOW TO Embed Part Of An YouTube Video

HOW TO Embed Part Of An YouTube Video Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!HOW TO: Embed Part Of An YouTube VideoUpdated On 07/10/2019Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : YouTubeShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozj64Y CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogEarlier we wrote how to embed Facebook videos on your blog and download YouTube videos, now we are going to see how to embed part of an YouTube video. Suppose if you want to embed an YouTube video which contains lots of advertisement at the beginning and end, you can tweak the code to avoid them. This simple tip will help you cut off those parts in the video and embed it.Default original iFrame code for a video : iframe width=620 height=490 src=http://www.youtube.com/embed/jvzWTljyMUo?rel=0 frameborder=0 allowfullscreen/iframeYou just need to add the parameter start= to this code.Below I mentioned the modified code for iFrame player.iframe width=620 height=490 src=http://www.youtube.com/embed/jvzWTljyMUo?rel= 0start=20 frameborder=0 allowfullscreen/iframeYou can check the demo video using this tip below.Here I have used start=20, that means it skips the first 20 seconds of the video. Similarly, you can also add end= parameter to make the video stop at a particular point.You can also use third-party sites like TubeChop and Splicd for cropping the YouTube videos.READSimple Tip To Load YouTube Videos Faster

The Location Of An Ecosystem - 1281 Words

Location- The location of an ecosystem affects its functioning. At a global scale, latitude, distance from the sea and altitude play decisive roles in determining climate and ultimately the nature of particular ecosystems. The Great Barrier Reef is found along the Queensland coastline. It stretches as far north as Papa New Guinea, 8o South Latitude, to just above (north) of Fraser Island, 24o South Latitude, (an approximate 2300 Km stretch). There are four main regions along the Great Barrier Reef. These are The Northern, Central, Mackay, and Southern Region. The Great Barrier Reef also has continuity both geographically and temporally. Reef drilling data has proved that the reef in the north is 1km to 2km’s thick and existed about 15 million years ago. However the southern region of the reef is much thinner at only 120 meters thick and younger at only about 2 million years. Due to this location the corals which require a very specific conditions are able to grow due to the ri ght amount of light which is the main food source of the zooxanthellae which are organisms contained in the corals. Corals are limited to areas of the sea where the water temperature does not fall below 17 degrees Celsius and doesn’t exceed 34 degrees Celsius and the coral system prefers to be in a relatively stable saline conditions as elevated levels stunt coral growth and low levels will result in the zooxanthellae dying. Thus creating a very vulnerable ecosystem due to the specifics of the coralShow MoreRelatedDescribe Ecosystem s Location And Ecosystem Significance1237 Words   |  5 PagesField Trip Report Introduction Describe ecosystem’s location and ecosystem significance. (1/2 page) The seagrass ecosystem is one which is very important in the world’s equilibrium. 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This paper will include a detailed description of each species including, previous location, specificRead MoreEcologists Study the Interaction of Organisms within Their Environment776 Words   |  4 PagesEcology Ecology is a biology branch which focuses on examining living organisms in their environment. Ecologist study the inactions of organisms within their environment, including ecosystems, communities and populations that influence life on earth. Economist can see the interconnection of animal and plant populations shape physical environments and the interactions of the different species.(N/A, 2014) The biota of earths process of biochemicals is four spheres whichRead MoreAquatic Ecology : The Science Of Ecology1555 Words   |  7 PagesAquatic ecology is the science of ecology which concentrates on the study of aquatic ecosystems. This field can be broken out into two divisions: freshwater and marine ecology. Understanding aquatic ecosystems is critical since water is the building block to the survival of all life on earth. Aquatic ecology includes the study of aquatic environments including oceans, lakes, ponds, wetlands, rivers, and streams. Every organism needs energy to live, grow and reproduce. In aquatic ecology, biologistsRead MoreLab Report Biodiversity1568 Words   |  7 Pagesthey live. By the definition it is â€Å"The degree of variation of  life  forms within a given  species,  ecosystem,  biome, or an entire  planet. It is a measure of the  health of ecosystems and is in part a function of  climate.† (Rutherford) Ecosystem i s on the other hand, â€Å" community and its abiotic environment†( Rutherford). Biodiversity exists in every ecosystem, weather it is big one, or just ecosystem of one garden, it has the same importance because without it nature loses its ability to perform majorRead MoreClimate Plays an Important Environmental Influence on Ecosystems671 Words   |  3 PagesClimate plays an important environmental influence on our ecosystems, and climate changes and the influences of it affect ecosystems in many ways. Ecosystems are already showing negative impacts under current levels of climate change. One of the biggest issues that we are facing nowadays is global warming. With the global warming and the rising of the temperature of sea water, it has great impact on the species in the ocean. More species is facing extinction and with the rising of temperature, itRead MoreRiver Biocosystems1558 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years, land use practices have increased tremendously, affecti ng river biodiversity and causing negative effects on ecosystems (Fierro, 2017). Different studies have shown that the health of ecosystems correlate to location and the amount of land usage near those locations. The objective of my study was to find how land usage has affected the biodiversity of streams in my own community by studying two different streams, Orange Trail Stream and Lily Branch. The study of the health of streamsRead MoreControl The Wildfires Of Alberta Canada992 Words   |  4 Pages Humans maintain the park and influence mandatory controlled fires as well as control the wildfires. Wildfires are required to burn in order to keep the ecosystem in check. In Banff National Park, these fires burn in old growth areas. Once the fire is burned out it leaves nutrients in the soil to aid in regrowth for future plants. After the fire Grizzly Bears rummage through the now loose and nutrient rich soil for certain roots that are apart of their diets. These roots are only acces sible to theRead MoreClimate Change And Its Effect On The Environment Essay1348 Words   |  6 Pages If the plants cannot adapt they will need to move locations. The only way for these plants to move locations would be to be physically transported by predators such as birds. With the ingestion and digestion of these plants, the birds would be able to ingest them at their current sit and fly to a new location. Once they have arrived at a new location, when they have completely digested the plant, the plants will be excreted into a new location and planted to begin a new distribution of the populationRead MoreCase Study Of Brazil : The World s Largest Estuary Of Their Ocean Fishier Yields From The Southernmost Subtropical1655 Words   |  7 Pagesthousand tons of fish per year (Brandini, 2013). Even with the low nutrient filled waters, Brazil boasts coasts with diverse ecosystems due to the length of the coastline. This lengthy coastline incudes’ â€Å"the world’s largest estuary in the Amazon River Plume; the longest beach, Cassino Beach†¦ and the largest coastal lagoon, Patos Lagoon† to list some examples of the different ecosystems found in this area (Brandini, 2013, p2127). Brazil is seen as a maritime country due to the numerous marine resources

The Ghetto Underwent A Beautification Ghetto - 1044 Words

May 10, 1933 emboldened by the momentum of the movement, Goebbels organized and staged the first, infamous public book burning. German university students were incited to burn books with â€Å"un-German ideas. A century before, German-Jewish poet, Heinrich Hein seems to have predicted the coming events when he wrote, That was but a prelude; where they burn books, they will ultimately burn people. In a dramatic propaganda hoax, the International Red Cross was permitted to inspect the Theresienstadt ghetto, the exercise disguised the vile treatment of the Jews. The ghetto underwent a beautification project. A film was produced to prove the benevolent treatment of the Jews. Soon after, the â€Å"cast/prisoners† were sent to the death camps of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Deceptive euphemisms were freely used to mask deportations of Jews to gas chambers. Germans stamped â€Å"evacuated and resettled† on their passports, in actuality they were being sent to their death. Quarantine signs were posted at Jewish Ghettos, warning of disease. With a lack of sanitation and starvation rations, the warnings proved to be self-fulfilling prophecies. Nazi propaganda utilized these man-made epidemics to warrant isolating the â€Å"filthy† Jews. During the Final Solution, to maintain the deception and keep order, prisoners, were forced to send postcards home, stating that they were being treated well. Authorities used this to cover-up the true unimaginable horror. Heinrich Himmler was the cold ruthless leader of the

Obesity Epidemic Fed Up, By Stephanie Soechtig - 994 Words

Obesity Epidemic Thousands of children around America are increasingly joining the obesity epidemic and are struggling to get out of it. In the documentary, Fed Up, by Stephanie Soechtig, she creates a documentary that targets young teenagers and parents to uncover the truth of the epidemic and reveal how the food industry is hurting the children s diet by making them become addicted to sugar. It explains how it is beyond people s willpower and exercise alone that solves the epidemic, rather it is the food industries fault for the nfood they produce. Soechtig uses pathos, ethos and logos by documenting personal stories from young obese teenagers, providing a numerous amount of credible sources from a wide range of experts, and having evidence for the epidemic. The documentary uses pathos by having young teenagers share their personal struggles with obesity and documenting their lives with their daily diet. Sochetig uses pathos successfully by allowing the teenagers to document them selves, which adds more of a personal touch to it. Watching the obese teenagers grapple through the obesity brings out sympathy for them and makes the people feel compassionate and understanding. One particular teenager, named Joe Lopez, documents his life who is nearly four hundred pounds and is heading down a dangerous path due to his alarming weight gain. The film maker heightens the emotions by adding slow, melancholy music in the background as they film him walking home from theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Too Much Sugar On The Body1197 Words   |  5 Pageshigh-fructose corn syrup, maltose, honey, glucose, and sucrose (Fed Up). In grocery stores, around 80% of processed foods have sugar added to them (Fed Up). Although it is obvious that overeating foods with too much sugar in them can cause weight gain, there are many underlying drastic effects of consuming too much sugar as well. Overconsumption of sugar has been linked to Type 2 Diabetes, obesity, cancer, heart disease, and many other illnesses (Fed Up). These illnesses do not come about by merely eating sugarRead MoreFed Up And Forks Over Knives1639 Words   |  7 PagesJorge Camacho Professor Marshall English 116-601 3 November 2015 Fed Up v. Forks over Knives For the previous couple decades, Americans have been misled by the government and health professionals, who were implementing inaccurate dietary standards that led to the promotion of certain items as â€Å"healthy†, has actually resulted in a nationwide obesity epidemic of vast proportions. This unprecedented surge in obesity has affected everybody from children in elementary schools, to retired seniors, andRead MoreAmerican Food Industry : Needs Government Regulation Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesissue is the ever growing food industry. Kind of taboo to blame food for the severe and skyrocketing obesity rate in America right? Have you ever checked your labels? Know what’s really in your food? Looked at and researched health programs controlled by politicians and bought and paid for health officials? The American food industry needs to have government regulation to prevent further obesity and malnutrition that is devastating our public health on a national scale. Why does the American foodRead MoreHealthy Food1441 Words   |  6 PagesBittman, Mark. â€Å"Bad Food? Tax It, and Subsidize Vegetables.† New York Times 23 July 2011, late ed.: Sunday Review Brody, Jane E. â€Å"Attacking the Obesity Epidemic by First Figuring Out Its Cause.† New York Times 12 Sept. 2011: D7(L). Print. Waters, Alice and Katrina Heron. â€Å"No Lunch Left Behind.† New York Times 19 Feb. 2009: A31. Print Soechtig, Stephanie. â€Å" Fed Up† USA Times 9 May. 2014; print t

Operates In Industry Of Fashion Retailing †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Operates In Industry Of Fashion Retailing? Answer: Introducation Hennes Mauritz is a Swedish company that operates in the industry of fashion retailing, currently the brand is operational worldwide, they have 4,500 stores all around the word and they are operational in 62 countries. The total number of employees in HM is 132,000. The company is ranked second largest company in the field of fashion retailing after Inditex, owned by Zara. The brand has online stores as well and it is further planning to expand its online stores. The global presence of the company makes it a very popular and well-known brand. The company currently is in a very good position. There are certain threats that are faced by the country though that is affecting the business of the company. The company is forced to sell its product at low cost because the shipping cost is very low, that indicates there is too much of stocks for which the company is forced to put its garments in sale (Hansson, Wrangmo Solberg Silen, 2013). A very high cost is involved in the distribution of the garments. The report below will show all the details of the market situation of HM. According to the CEO Karl-Johan, the year was very significant in terms of financial performance and it was eventful too (Thompson McLarney, 2017). In the same year, there was a shift in the industry, online market was in the trend and many companies were choosing digital marketing. The digital marketing and online marketing proved profitable to the firm as well because they have to target many customers at a very less cost (Hammoudeh, 2014). However, there are lot of competition in this industry as there are many companies in the fashion retail industry like Zara and Inc. The online market of HM is one of the factors that makes the company strong, a lot of customers prefer the online retail because it is convenient for the customers. The present situation of the company is very favorable and the retail chain has a very good position in the mark et with a very good market share. The future expansion of the organization ensures that the company will have a sound growth and will continue to hold the position in future as well (Regnr Yildiz, 2014). Situation Analysis Report Executive Summary The following report is a Situational analysis report on the company HM that is a Swedish multinational brand operational all around the world. The company is operational in 62 countries and has 4,500 stores. The report focuses on the situation of the market in which the company. The topics of the report include Market size and trends, SWOT analysis, financial performance, strategic options and recommendations are given for the company in the end of the report. The CEO of the company is Karl-Johan. Market size and trends Four big global companies that are Zara, HM, GAP, Inc dominate the market in the field of fashion retailing. HM is operational in 62 countries with their 4,500 stores. The brand offers its fashion garment for men, women and children. In august 2017 HM opened online stores in 18 European markets that included Copenhagen, Brussels, London and Munich ("HM group | About", 2017). The company ensures that its store portfolio is right so they have closed around 100 stores and opened 400 new stores. They are further planning to open its Online Market in India, Uruguay and Ukraine. Australia is one of the most profitable market segment for the company their sales is surging around 50 percent even in the highly competitive market (Regnr Yildiz, 2014). Market trends The market has changed a lot in the field of fashion retailing; the shift in the patter of buying behavior of people has changed in the last three for years. The change in trend is mainly because of digitalization, in the last few years the concept of online markets has emerged. Online stores are very convenient for the people they do not have to walk down to the stores to buy things. This particular trend is very popular in fashion retailing. The customers prefer to buy apparels from the online stores, because they get items at cheaper rates because often the shipping cost is not involved, but that is not the only reason, in order to save their time people prefer to buy products from the online markets (Hansson, Wrangmo Solberg Silen, 2013). Financial and Corporate performance From December 2015 to November 30 2016 the sales of the retail inclusive of vat has increased by percent in the local currency of financial year. The gross profit was SEK 106,177 m which is equivalent to gross margin of 55.2 percent. After including the financial item the profit amounts to SEK 24,039 m. The profit after the tax was around 18,363 m which amounted to 11.26 SEK per share. The profit in that financial year was shown adversely affected by the mark downs and the increased purchasing due to the strong dollar rates. In that year 427 new stores were opened and 11 new online markets were also opened. In total there were 35 online markets and stores that summing up to 4,351 in overall 64 markets. In the year 2016 HM created new employment opportunities, around 13,000 new jobs. The total number of employees recorded in that year was 161,000 (Regnr Yildiz, 2014). SWOT Analysis Strengths HM is on the leading fashion retail store in Australia they have a huge market size because there are many customers of the retail store HM across Australia. The customer service of the fashion retail is very efficient that attracts the customers to purchase from the store. The retail store has a wide range of fashion clothing, apparels, footwear, accessories and jewelries. They have expanded their online stores, which will help in increasing the customer base. Celebrity endorsement is also one of the strengths of the fashion retail. The brand organizes many runway shows that display the latest designs from new and young designers. They post their events and fashion runaways shows in you tube and other social networking sites like facebook and twitter. Weakness There is weakness in the consumer standpoint of the company. They treat all the customers similar, they offer high fashion clothes even in the areas where the customers do not like it. The shipping time that means that they have huge stock of clothing, if not all of the stocks are not sold in the premiere season they will have to sell some of the high fashion expensive clothes in sale, this will be big disadvantage for the organization. Some of the product ranges are so high that is very difficult for the customers to afford it, therefore making selective premium clients of the company. The research and development of the company is not very good this is evident from the the same designs available all around the world, the brand is not much innovative in this context. Opportunities They are becoming sustainable, so they have an opportunity to become responsible and care about the animal welfare. They also have chance to become health conscious brand and represent themselves to its customers (Diallo, 2013). Threats HM is facing huge competition from the customers from brands like Zara and Inc. Other online portals also pose a huge threat on the fashion retail (Gremme, 2014). Competitive advantage ; The unique designs and the latest fashion trends that are sold by the brand help them in gaining competitive advantage over other brands in the market. Their online website is helping the organization increasing the customer base thus creating a competitive advantage. Their expansion strategies to serve globally have helped a lot in beating the competition and gaining advantage over the local players (Ancona, 2016). Strategic options The brand has great opportunity in opening their stores in the countries they have not yet covered. They have options to make alliances with big fashion houses so that they can offer good high fashion garments for their customers. They can include a wide range of clothes that are made of fabrics that are most used by the customers and are comfortable. The company has a very bright opportunity to expand its online presence by opening more online markets. In countries like France they can offer high fashion garments to the premium clients apart from that they can organize more fashion events (Borja de Mozota, Valentine Nelson, 2016). Possible Recommendations The company should collaborate with the fashion designers and offer latest fashion garments for its customers. The company needs to expand more in the Asian countries and African countries. They should improve their online website so that it attracts more customers and is user friendly. HM should improve their customer service. They can expand their target market and enter the market of high fashion by offering fashion garments for the premium clients as well. There needs to be improvement in the way the brand communicates its values to its customers, the advertising and promotional activities needs to be more aggressive. They should use both print and digital media for advertising, billboards and newspapers should be used more. More promotional activities needs to be done. For promotions, they can launch their own fashion channel (Wong Yazdanifard, 2014) References Ancona, A. (2016). Sizable Subject: The Plus Side of Fashion. Borja de Mozota, B., Valentine, L., Nelson, J. (2016). The Value of Design Research. Diallo, I. A. (2013). The application of Marketing within a company-case study of HM. Gremme, M. (2014). Zara. Global Fashion at Local Prices. HM group | About. (2017).About.hm.com. Retrieved 25 August 2017, from https://about.hm.com/en/about-us.html Hammoudeh, R. (2014). Zara, from Spain to the big wide world. Company analysis, markets and competition. Hansson, L., Wrangmo, A., Solberg Silen, K. (2013). Optimal ways for companies to use Facebook as a marketing channel.Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society,11(2), 112-126. Regnr, P., Yildiz, H. E. (2014). HM in Fast Fashion: continued success?. Thompson, J., McLarney, C. (2017). What Effects will the Strategy Changes Undertaken by Next Plc Have on themselves and their Competition in the UK Clothing Retail Market?.Journal of Commerce and Management Thought,8(2), 234. Wong, K., Yazdanifard, R. (2014). How Fast-Fashion Apparel Stores are able to Operate Sustainably in New Global Economy.Journal of Research in Marketing,3(2), 274-278

The relationship between God and human beings, use the example of Rabia al-Adawiyya and al-Hallaj Essay Example

The relationship between God and human beings, use the example of Rabia al-Adawiyya and al-Hallaj Paper Mysticism, according to Evelyn Underhill is The great spiritual current that goes through all religions1. Mysticism seeks to understand the nature and relationship of the human soul and God. The mystical aspect of Islam is known as Sufism (tasawwuf) and in practice is the seeking of an intimate relationship with God through meditative practice or the behaviour of self-denial, the ultimate aim, to achieve union with God. Sufis want to know God in the heart, as a lover and a friend and, as God is an immaterial entity the union can only be achieved emotionally. In the mystical idea, humans gain knowledge of God not through rational thought or religion but with the fusing of the soul to the divine world. Thirteenth century prophet, Jalal al-Din Rumi explains, All the hopes, desires, loves, and affections that people have for different things fathers, mothers, friends, heavens, the earth, gardens, palaces, sciences, works, food, drink he saint knows that these are desires for God and all those things are veils. When men leave this world and see the King without these veils, then they will know that all were veils and coverings, that the object of their desire was in reality that One Thing They will see all things face to face. 2 In order to embrace the love of God, Sufis must disregard the material world that the rest of us so readily and unquestioningly inhabit. We will write a custom essay sample on The relationship between God and human beings, use the example of Rabia al-Adawiyya and al-Hallaj specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The relationship between God and human beings, use the example of Rabia al-Adawiyya and al-Hallaj specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The relationship between God and human beings, use the example of Rabia al-Adawiyya and al-Hallaj specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Sufi mystical path has several stages and is open to each and every Muslim who wishes to connect their soul with the divine. The whole of life is spiritually one in its source, goal, beginning and end, with the divine manifest in all our souls (though the soul was created before, and is separated from the body). The attempt to attain unity with God is all the more desirable when earthly matter is deemed evil; no incentive is left, other than for anything other than mystical behaviour. Sufis take the For man was created weak3 aspect of the Quran seriously; scripture like it proves to Sufis the evil status of matter. There are contradictions though in other parts of the Quran: Thy Lord said to the angels: I will create a vicegerent on earth4. Although this is an inconsistency within the Quran, rather than within Sufism itself, it doesnt give Sufis a clear textual backing. We might bear in mind though that if this is the case for Sufis then it will be the case for the Orthodox Muslims too. So, bearing this in mind, a key understanding for the mystics may be that We are nearer to him than the jugular vein5 Such revelations are of great importance to Sufis in giving them an insight into their relationship with God, though they too are also good at expressing themselves: thirteenth century mystic Jalal al-Din Rumi explains that, All the hopes, desires, loves, and affections that people have for different things fathers, mothers, friends, heavens, the earth, gardens, palaces, sciences, works, food, drink the saint knows that these are desires for God and all those things are veils. When men leave this world and see the King without these veils, then they will know that all were veils and coverings, that the object of their desire was in reality that One Thing They will see all things face to face. Our earthly desires are fanciful yet are always seeking a truth that is God. Sufi mystics are highly regarded and specially remembered and revered long after their deaths. Rabia Al-Adawiyya and Al-Hallaj provide us with very interesting examples of how mystical experience had so overcome them that to Sufisms logical extent, existence came to have no meaning for them. Their experience explains a lot about the ideas and ideology of the mystical tradition. Commentaries on Rabbia and her works have been passed down through devotees, historians, translators and commentators for almost thirteen centuries. Our picture of her is created by these scholars and coupled with the passage of thirteen centuries; the picture may well be an accordingly anachronistic one. Her work that was not already poetry seems, through these mediums and the refinement of re-telling 6 to have become such. In this instance however, we might suggest that the accounts of how talented or prolific she was as a writer are greater affected than our understanding of the mystical path which she followed, it being easier to alter what she left us than what she did. Our understanding of Rabbia doesnt suffer through our appreciation of her relative poetic merits but it does if she didnt write them. For our purposes it is necessary to take what we know of Rabbia subjectively and in doing this, we might come to recognise her as a brilliant proponent of Sufi mysticism. Through her poetry, ethic of self-discipline and emotional devotion to Allah she created in herself an icon of Sufi devotion, highly regarded throughout Islam. Islam has embraced Rabia, despite frowning on, not so much the fact that she was a woman, but unmarried life and withdrawal from society as a path to God. Rabbia was a slave who, was seen by her master praying one night (after a hard days work, at the expense of her sleep) and who saw a bright light above her head, so the story goes. He released her immediately and she, in turn, moved to the desert. As people became aware of her and her holiness, they began beating a path to her door in search of spiritual direction. She was the recipient of numerous marriage proposals. Upon receiving one of them she replied, Im not interested, really, in possessing all you own, Nor in making you my slave, Nor in having my attention distracted from God even for a split second. 7 Even love on earth was incomparable to the love she shared with God. The love expressed in her verse, whether it existed or not (why should we be disinclined to believe her? ) is the essence of this mysticism. If I die for love, before completing satisfaction, Alas, for my anxiety in the world, alas for my distress, O Healer (of souls) the heart feeds upon its desire, The striving after union with Thee has healed my soul8 The love and devotion expressed in this verse is the essence of the mystical. There is no rational or formal relationship with God, just love. Love rarely reconciles itself with rational thought and interestingly, in his incomprehensible nature, neither does God. It is romantic for us to think of this (unconventional female) mystic completely absorbed in her love for God, and expressing this through beautiful poetry. Poetry is one of the most highly esteemed vehicles for expressing emotion, what better way for Rabia to get her message across? Rabia helps us see that the Sufi tradition is not about the regularity with which Muslims pray or how closely they follow the rules extracted from the Quran, but is about the raw emotion Sufis feel for God. Al-Hallaj, another prominent Sufi was killed for his devotion to the mystic quest. Louis Massignon gives us an authoritative account of Al-Hallaj in his book of the same name. He was one of Islams most controversial writers and teachers. Because he was the embodiment of the Muslim experience, Mansurs life and death represent to many, a reference point in Islamic history. Al-Hallaj was fascinated with the ascetic way of life, in his teens he memorized the Quran and began retreating from the world to gather with other like minds to study Islamic mysticism. He travelled and soon apprentices began to follow him. The situation in which al-Hallaj taught and wrote was shaped by social, economic, political, and religious stress, which eventually led to his arrest. Sufism was new at the time, and provoked extensive opposition from the Muslim orthodoxy. Sufi masters considered his sharing the beauty of mystical experience with the masses undisciplined at best, disobedient at worst. It wasnt long before the political leaders made a case against him. Al-Hallaj was considered an intoxicated Sufi, who became so enraptured in ecstasy by the presence of the Divine that he was prone to losing his personal identity, blurring the lines between the Divine and the Man. During his arrest he experienced one of these breaks and uttered: Ana al-haqq, or I am the Truth (or God). An inappropriate statement to make in the Islamic tradition. He spent 11 years in confinement in Baghdad, before being brutally tortured and crucified. Witnesses were believed to have stated that al-Hallaj was strangely serene while being tortured, and sincerely forgave his persecutors. He is referred to as Loves Prophet. Al-Hallaj is one of the most influential Sufi writers and an important character in Islamic history. I saw my Lord with the eye of the heart. I said: Who art Thou? He answered: Thou. 9 By proclaiming, I am the truth he had achieved the Sufi goal in that he felt himself to be God incarnate in the world10. He was so overcome with his mystical existence that he felt, to the logical Sufi extreme that he was God. There has been a certain tendency for Christians to view Sufism as an Islamic derivative of Christian mysticism. Islam appears to be sensual, physical an d practical these aspects all being manifest in Islamic law. How can Sufism reconcile itself with this? The Christians seemed to think that it couldnt and mysticism within Islam could trace itself back to the sophisticated Christian tradition and the Holy Ghost. 11 This may be true in certain instances, Al-Muhasibi, for example, has been shown to have borrowed heavily on the new testament for various sayings and commendations of the Sufi life the practice of wearing woollen garments is said to have been done in imitation of Christian hermits, though how recognition and borrowing of ideas can make a religion inferior to the lender is odd. The examples we have looked at of Rabbia and al-Hallaj serve to discredit this idea, in fact the Sufi idea stands up very well on its own: In a human being is such a love, a pain, an itch, a desire that, even if he were to possess a hundred thousand worlds, he would not rest or find peace. People work variously at all sorts of callings, crafts, and professions, and they learn astrology and medicine, and so forth, but they are not at peace because what they are seeking cannot be found. The beloved is called dilaram because the heart finds peace through the beloved. How then can it find peace through anything else? 12 To treat Sufism as a derivative of Christianity deprives Islam of an integral part of its spiritual nature. Sufi practice seeks to achieve a goal of oneness and absorption into God. They seek to attain the state humanity was in before creation13. To achieve this as Rabbia and Al-Hallaj claimed they did, it is necessary to regard emotion, love and spirituality as all-important and all else irrelevant. Few, if any people will deny the existence of emotion despite its un-quantifiable nature and its defiance of physical definition. Many people, regardless of their religion believe that God is emotion or our collective spirit, in that idea and especially in the examples we have looked at, the heart and love are the keys to understanding, despite their un physical nature For the reality that is the goal of the mystic, and is ineffable, cannot be understood or explained by any normal mode of perception; neither philosophy nor reason can reveal it. Only the wisdom of the heart, gnosis, may give insight into some of its aspects. 14 To share in the love of God and to attain existence on a spiritual plane where it is possible to interact with him, the role of the heart is obviously crucial. Another important point to remember is that in the world, of evil matter, all that is then not evil, is emotion. Perhaps the legacy that Rabia and Al Halaj have left us with, is of love and emotion. They did not teach us practical lessons or how to do our best, but simply, how to feel; perhaps this is why they are still so well regarded. Our hearts and souls are individually and collectively the sources of our love. By feeling their relationship with God emotionally, at the expense of all else, the Sufis are quite radical in their approach to him. It is a kind of religious anarchism; the only necessities are the heart and the soul, whilst nothing else matters. Sufis use their hearts to direct their emotions towards God; its importance is not partial but total.

The Role of Reading Fluency Tables in Comprehension

The Role of Reading Fluency Tables in Comprehension Listening to a student read, even for a minute, can be one of the ways a teacher determines a students ability to comprehend text through fluency. Improving reading fluency has been identified by the National Reading Panel as one of the five critical components of reading. A student’s oral reading fluency score is measured by the number of words in a  text that a student reads correctly in a minute. Measuring a students fluency is easy. The teacher listens to a student read independently for one minute in order to hear how well a  student reads accurately, quickly, and with expression (prosody). When a student can read aloud with these three qualities, the student is demonstrating to the listener a level of fluency, that there is a bridge or connection between his or her ability to recognize words and the ability  to comprehend  the text: â€Å"Fluency is defined as reasonably accurate reading with suitable expression that leads to accurate and deep comprehension and motivation to read† (Hasbrouck and Glaser, 2012). In other words, a student who is a fluent reader  can focus on what the text means because he or she does not have to concentrate on decoding the words. A fluent reader can monitor and adjust his or her reading and notice when comprehension breaks down.   Fluency Testing A fluency test is simple to administer. All you need is a selection of text and a stopwatch.   An initial test for fluency is a screening where passages are selected from a text at the students grade level that the student has not pre-read, called a cold read.  If the student is not reading at grade level, then the instructor should select passages at a lower level in order to diagnose weaknesses.   The student is asked to read aloud for one minute. As the student reads, the teacher notes errors in reading. A student’s fluency level can be calculated following these three steps: The instructor determines how many words the reader actually attempted during the 1-minute reading sample. Total # of words read ____.Next, the instructor counts up the number of errors made by the reader. Total # of errors ___.The instructor deducts the number of errors from the total words attempted, the examiner arrives at the number of correctly read words per minute (WCPM). Fluency formula: Total # of words read __- (subtract) errors______words (WCPM) read correctly For example, if the student read 52 words and had 8 errors in one minute, the student had 44 WCPM. By deducting the errors (8) from total words attempted (52), the score for the student would be 44 correct words in one minute. This 44 WCPM number serves as an estimate of reading fluency, combining the students speed and accuracy in reading. All educators should be aware that an oral reading fluency score is not the same measure as a student’s reading level. To determine what that fluency score means in relation to grade level, teachers should use a grade level fluency score chart. Fluency data charts   There are a number of reading fluency charts such as the one developed from the research of Albert Josiah Harris and Edward R. Sipay  (1990) which set fluency rates that were organized by grade level bands with words per minute scores. For example, the table shows the recommendations for fluency bands for three different grade levels: grade 1, grade 5, and grade 8.   Harris and Sipay Fluency Chart Grade Words per minute Band Grade 1 60-90 WPM Grade 5 170-195 WPM Grade 8 235-270 WPM Harris and  Sipays  research guided them to make recommendations in their book  How to Increase Reading Ability: A Guide to Developmental Remedial Methods  as to the general speed for reading a text  such as a book from the  Magic Tree House Series  (Osborne). For example, a book from this series is leveled at M (grade 3) with 6000 words.   A student who could read 100 WCPM fluently could finish  A Magic Tree House  book in one hour while a student who could read at 200 WCPM fluently could complete reading the book in 30 minutes. The fluency chart most referenced today was developed by researchers Jan Hasbrouck and Gerald Tindal in 2006. They wrote about their findings in the International Reading Association Journal in the article â€Å"Oral Reading Fluency Norms: A Valuable Assessment Tool for Reading Teachers.† The major point in their article was on the connection between fluency and comprehension: â€Å"Fluency measures such as words correct per minute has been shown, in both theoretical and empirical research, to serve as an accurate and powerful indicator of overall reading competence, especially in its strong correlation with comprehension. In coming to this conclusion, Hasbrouck and Tindal completed an extensive study of oral reading fluency using data obtained from over 3,500 students in 15 schools in seven cities located in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and New York.† According to Hasbrouck and Tindal, the review of student data  allowed them to organize the results in average performance and percentile bands for fall, winter, and spring for grades 1 through grade 8. The scores on the chart are considered  normative  data scores because of the large sampling.   The results of their study were published in a technical report entitled, â€Å"Oral Reading Fluency: 90 Years of Measurement,† which is available on the  website for Behavioral Research and Teaching, University of Oregon. Contained in this study are their grade level fluency score tables  designed  to help instructors to assess the oral reading fluency of their students relative to their peers. How to read a fluency table Only three-grade level data selections from their research are in a table below. The table below shows fluency scores for grade 1 when students are first tested on fluency, for grade 5 as a midpoint fluency measure, and for grade 8 after students have been practicing fluency for years. Grade Percentile Fall WCPM* Winter WCPM* Spring WCPM* Avg Weekly Improvement* First 90 - 81 111 1.9 First 50 - 23 53 1.9 First 10 - 6 15 .6 Fifth 90 110 127 139 0.9 Fifth 50 110 127 139 0.9 Fifth 10 61 74 83 0.7 Eighth 90 185 199 199 0.4 Eighth 50 133 151 151 0.6 Eighth 10 77 97 97 0.6 *WCPMwords correct per minute The first column of the table shows the grade level. The second column of the table shows the percentile.  Teachers should remember that in fluency testing, percentile is different from  percentage. The percentile on this table is a measurement is based on a grade level peer group of 100 students. Therefore, a 90th percentile does not mean the student answered 90% of the questions correctly; a fluency score is not like a grade. Instead, a 90th percentile  score for a student means that there are nine (9) grade level peers who have performed better.   Another way to look at the rating is to understand that a student who is in the 90th percentile performs better than 89th percentile of his grade level peers or that the student is in the top 10% of his peer group. Similarly, a student in the 50th percentile means the student performs better than 50 of his or her peers with 49% of his or her peers performing higher, while a student performing at the low 10th percentile for fluency has still performed better than 9 of his or her grade level peers. An average fluency score is between 25th percentile to 75th percentile Therefore, a student with a   fluency score of 50th percentile is perfectly average, squarely in the middle of the average band. The third, fourth, and fifth columns on the chart indicate into which percentile a students score is rated at different times of the school year. These scores are based on normative data. The last column, average weekly improvement, shows the average words per week growth that student should  develop to stay on grade level. The average weekly improvement can be calculated by subtracting the fall score from the spring score and dividing the difference by 32 or the number of weeks between the fall and spring assessments. In grade 1, there is no fall assessment, and so the average weekly improvement is calculated by subtracting the winter score from the spring score and then dividing the difference by 16 which is the number of weeks between the winter and spring assessments. Using the fluency data   Hasbrouck and Tindal   recommended that: â€Å"Students scoring 10 or more words below the 50th percentile using the average score of two unpracticed readings from grade-level materials need a fluency-building program. Teachers can also use the table to set long-term fluency goals for struggling readers.† For example, a beginning fifth grade student with a reading rate of 145 WCPM should be assessed using fifth grade level texts. However, a beginning grade 5 student with a reading rate of 55 WCPM will need to be assessed with materials from grade 3 in order to determine what additional instructional support would be needed to increase his or her reading rate. Instructors should use progress monitoring with any student who may be reading six to 12 months below grade level every two to three weeks to determine if additional instruction is needed. For students who are reading more than one year below grade level, this kind of progress monitoring should be done frequently. If the student is receiving intervention services through special education or English Learner support, continued monitoring will provide the teacher the information on whether the intervention is working or not.   Practicing fluency For progress monitoring on fluency, passages are selected at a students individually determined goal level. For example, if the instructional level of a 7th grade student is at the 3rd grade level, the teacher may conduct the progress monitoring assessments by using passages at the 4th grade level. To provide students the opportunity to practice, fluency instruction should be with a text that a student can read at an independent level.   Independent reading level is one of three reading levels described below: Independent level is relatively easy for the student to read with 95% word accuracy.Instructional level is challenging but manageable for the reader with 90% word accuracy.Frustration level means the text is too difficult for the student to read which results in less than 90% word accuracy. Students will better practice on speed and expression by reading at an independent level text. Instructional or frustration level texts will require students to decode. Reading comprehension is the combination of numerous skills that are performed instantaneously, and fluency is one of these skills. While practicing fluency requires time, a test for a students fluency takes only one minute and perhaps two minutes to read a fluency table and to record the results. These few minutes with a fluency table can be one of the best tools a teacher can use to monitor how well a student understands what he or she is reading.

Budget Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Budget Law - Essay Example The case of South Africa and Sweden are especially noted. According to Lienert(2005) many countries have adopted comprehensive and deep reforms as well new and amended laws to transform the role of the state and the budgeting processes that are involved in the working of the state. The issues that have been highlighted include fiscal transparency and political polarization, performance oriented budgeting and financial accountability. Modifications in the legal framework that have changed the role of the state and the budget processes involved or supporting it could be highlighted yet these modifications seem to have been strongest in countries that rely on laws and decrees to introduce changes The emphasis is on performance oriented budgeting and fiscal transparency and considering that the legal framework does help in shifting emphases to the process of budgeting and methodology, the central role of the legal aspect could be well documented and examined. However there are many obstacles to the proper working of the legal framework and its implementation to enhance budgeting and these could be differences between countries in terms of political systems and administrative arrangements or even legal cultures that could prevent the budgeting process from being efficient and transparent. ... Such cycles are usually thought to be present in weak or new democracies although Alt James et al (2006) prove that such electoral cycles could be present in advanced and more industrialized economies as well. The focus on fiscal transparency along with budgeting transparency would bring about questions on the nature of the economy and the kind of legal framework such economies have. Fiscal Transparency If the legal frameworks are strong enough, fiscal transparency could be expected. Fiscal transparency has become one of the most important aspects of governance and financial reporting A definition of fiscal transparency is given by Kopits and Craig: "Fiscal transparency is defined ... as openness toward the public at large about government structure and functions, fiscal policy intentions, public sector accounts, and projections. It involves ready access to reliable, comprehensive, timely, understandable, and internationally comparable information on government activities ... so that the electorate and financial markets can accurately assess the government's financial position and the true costs and benefits of government activities, including their present and future economic and social implications" (1998, p. 1). The authors use a sample of data from 19 OECD countries in the 1990s, to identify a persistent pattern of electoral cycles both in the low transparency, and largely developing countries, although such cycles could not be observed in high transparency countries. Thus the authors suggest that electoral cycles in fiscal balance could be a feature of many advanced economies but not found in high transparency countries. This highlights the fact that not all advanced and developed economies would have very transparencies although some advanced

Global poverty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global poverty - Research Paper Example It is of interest to me because I would like to establish how the global poverty affects not just the poor countries but also the rich nations. I am interested in finding out how their relations with each other impact on the occurrence or incidence of poverty. This topic is also of interest to me because I would like to find out how different countries are responding to this issue and what interventions have already been implemented in order to resolve this issue. 1. United Nations – This organization is involved in alleviating poverty through the various programs it has set and implemented on its member countries (MacMillan, 2011). One of these programs include the Millennium Development Goals which has set forth activities on reducing poverty, improving health outcomes, increasing employment opportunities, and in promoting peace in developing countries (UN, 2010a). This organization would likely require research in relation to the achievement and the fulfillment of its MDGs (Tran, 2011). Such a research would provide feedback on the efficacy of its programs. 2. CARE is a United States-based organization whose goal is to fight global poverty by focusing on poor women providing them with access to education, preventing diseases, providing them access to clean water, expanding their economic opportunities, and protecting their natural resources (CARE, 2012). This organization would likely require research on the impact of poverty on women in developing countries. Such a research direction would seek to establish the possible solutions which can be directed towards poor women. 3. BRAC – is an organization established by former Shell Oil CEO Fazle Hasan Abed. Its goal is to empower the people and the communities who are in extreme poverty, including those who are illiterate and those who are victims of disease and

When Does A Monsoon Happen Environmental Sciences Essay

When Does A Monsoon Happen Environmental Sciences Essay Monsoons come from global winds and air pressure, though the exact cause is still not completely understood. India in southern Asia is in particularly dramatically affected by the seasonal monsoons every year. On the other hand, Monsoons that take place throughout the rest of the world are smaller and less extreme. We studied monsoons briefly, in our geography class but it did not satisfy my interest in seasonal monsoons that occur all over the world. We hear a lot about floods and dangerous life style in many countries but, I never knew that the real reason behind them is seasonal monsoons. In this research I will be searching more about monsoons, in general. Their causes, their effect on peoples lives, their advantages and disadvantages along with their types. Nevertheless, the reason behind choosing to write about monsoons is that I am interested to learn more about natural weather in particular seasonal monsoons and about how they amazingly help in one way and causes disasters in other ways to the civilians. Introduction Monsoons, or Mawasim (an Arabic word for monsoon), are a shift in wind direction which causes unrestrained rainfall in many parts of the world. Asia, North America, South America, and Africa face natural seasonal wind, monsoons every year. Southern Asia comes across worst seasonal monsoons each year. Monsoons are known for its use and its damages. Monsoons are usually defined as seasonal winds accompanied seasonal differences in downfalls. Indian monsoons form due to the unequal heating of the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere in summer season by the solar radiation. Similar to the formation of sea breeze over coastal station and the formation of land. However, There are two types of seasonal winds dry monsoons during summer and the winter monsoons during winter seasons. These two types effect agriculture and sometimes might cause huge damages to the civilians and peasants in areas were monsoons are most dangerous. In other places of the world monsoons are the gift that farmers wait for throughout the year for its agricultural improvement and abundance. What are Monsoons? Monsoon is a word used to describe a system of alternating winds which blow persistently from the northeast during the northern winter and from the opposite direction, the southwest, during the northern summer. Thus, the term monsoon actually refers solely to a seasonal wind shift, and not to precipitation. Traders practice the waters off the Arabian and Indian coasts noted for centuries that dry northeast winds in the winter suddenly turn to the southwest during the summer, and bring beneficial yet torrential rains to the Asian subcontinent. It had became known that these large scale wind shifts, from dry desert areas to moist tropical areas, occur in other parts of the Earth, including the Oceanic subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Australia, North America, Africa and South America. These wind shifts, and the dramatic change in weather they bring, are all more or less driven by a similar mechanism. For much of the year, low level winds in dry subtropical regions tend to blow from the land toward the sea. However by late spring, strong solar heating causes temperatures to soar over these land areas. Later on during the year much more humid air over the ocean is drawn toward the hot, dry air over land. This moist air moving onto the hot land eventually becomes unstable and develops into thunderstorms. Once this occurs and rain begins to fall, humidity levels increase over land, which only triggers more thunderstorms. This cycle will continue until land areas begin to cool in the early fall and water temperatures reach their peak in early fall. Types and formation of monsoons Caused by differential heating during summer and winter, Monsoons winds are just like land and sea breezes, except that they are on a large continental scale instead of just being to the coastal regions. Monsoons are most likely to be found in countries such as Asia especially the sub contents of China, Japan and India. The interior of Asia in the northern hemisphere during summer days is much hotter than the sea around the area. Rapid heating due to the hot weather causes the warm air to rise, creating intense low pressure. As for the southern hemisphere that experiences winter during this time creates a region of high pressure due to low temperature and cool air. Winds are thus blown across the equator into the Indian Ocean, bringing heavy rain in the form of the South-West Monsoons. The opposite takes place in the winter. Moreover, the interior of Asia is much colder than the sea around it in Northern Hemisphere. Region with high pressure will be formed by denser air and rapid coo ling. Meanwhile in the Southern Hemisphere it is summer and the warm air rises creating a region with low pressure. Winds thus blow out of the continent of Asia into the Indian Ocean as the North-East seasonal Monsoon. Compared to nearby oceans monsoons are formed by a larger altitude of the seasonal cycle of land temperature. Monsoons are caused by several factors that affect the region. To begin with heating and cooling of large land masses in relation to the surrounding sea, which impacts on pressure and winds is one of important factors. Another factor, that plays an important role in the formation of monsoons is high lands interference with the general atmospheric circulations. Monsoons, dangerous or not? Causing storms and floods, Monsoons, lead to the terrible loss of homes of people, families, and their possesses all of the catastrophic consequences makes these seasonal winds dangerous. Despite their damages that they cause, they are yet helpful and useful in other ways. One of the most important jobs that monsoons do is improving the farming in countrified areas. The agricultural operation in India entirely depends upon the monsoon which blows over the country and it helps in their rural work. If the monsoon that blows over India becomes weak in a specific year there will be crop failure. The abundant rain throughout monsoon season, sometimes for a few days it causes floods and affects the normal life. Overall the monsoon, particularly the Indian monsoon forms due the unequal heating of the Northern Hemisphere, where land area is more, and the Southern Hemisphere, where sea area is more, in summer season by the solar radiation. It is similar to the formation of land and sea breeze over coastal stations. Occurring of monsoons. Millions of civilians become homeless and with no place to go to, death rates increases each year in southern Asia, the region that experiences the worst monsoons around the world. Generally, the monsoon season of India occurs from June to September. Including how much rain will be seen and how long periods of time the rains will last the point of its effects changes from place to place. Monsoons are especially helpful for India, Bangladesh and Burma or Myanmar providing valuable water for subsistence farmers and bringing a large portion of their water supply. The economy of these countries largely depends on the success of this rainy season. Advantages and disadvantages of seasonal winds Seasonal Monsoons have some advantages and disadvantages on the continents climate. One of the advantages of these seasonal winds is the process of water cooling the earth and reducing the temperature. Earth necessitates water, if there is no rain the water bodies will get dried out. Rain is beautiful, is a visual cover, which captures human minds and thoughts. Rain is water and water is life so without water no living organism can survive. The abundance of water during seasonal winds is one of the most important advantages of monsoons. All with the vegetation of land gains from the rain brought by these seasonal winds are advantages. However, although monsoons have many advantages for the people disadvantages are also found. Extra water is not as good as average amount of water supply for the crops therefore farm some sensitive crops that need a specific amount of water will not be able to survive. Due to the floods caused by monsoons peoples properties will get lost or even damaged. However, family members especially kids and old people might get lost or even drow ned due to the flooded lands. Many people do not know how to swim which will cause lots of trouble and will not help in any way if they wanted to rescue their kids or family. Many cars might get stopped due to the high water level and people inside it will be stuck inside for long time, dying eventually. Along with the diseases and flews that people will face during these bad weather circumstances. All these are disadvantages of seasonal winds or monsoons in other words.http://www.pacificislandtravel.com/nature_gallery/monsoons2.gif Effects of monsoon Monsoons represent the second rainy season for Arizona. For, dry and warm weather are brought during months of May and June over countries such as Arizona. And by the end of June, however, afternoon clouds can be seen building over the higher land of northern Arizona, and by early July, the skies typically begin to release its accumulated moisture. With the first rainy season occurring during the cooler months of November through April. Monsoons circulation does not produce thunderstorms every day during the months of July-September, but rather occurs in a pattern that has what are known as bursts and breaks. Weak disturbances in the upper atmosphere act to focus thunderstorm activity over the state for a period of a few days to more than a week during the bursts (below, left). Occasionally, however, the Bermuda high will become a bit stronger and develops over northwestern Mexico. This leads to breaks (below, right) in the monsoon, where the southerly winds decrease and the atmosphe re becomes much less likely to allow thunderstorms to develop. Leading to a significant decrease in thunderstorm activity, and may last from a day or two to close to a week. This cycle of bursts and breaks will continue from the onset of the monsoon circulation, until the time when cold fronts begin to move across the state of Arizona, which returns our winds to a westerly or northwesterly direction. Although monsoons have bad effects on its people, including famine, the overall effects of these seasonal winds are yet useful and helpful for the farmers and peasants generally. After a long shortage of rainfall, the countries affected by monsoons seasons welcome the rain as a point at which the drought comes to an end. However, if these rainfalls during the season were below average then further drought can be devastating and will probably cause famine and further starvation for its people. All this leads to food supplies dwindling and crops unable to grow, and many of the areas inhab itants may die of famine. Those who make their living from the land welcome the season, where the rains will make a large contribution to the crops they produce. However, flood will be caused by monsoons when too much rain comes in short period of time that not only damages crops and drowns livestock, but also harm inhabitants of the area. However, in less extreme forms these floods help to fertilize the soil. Monsoons have huge impacts on farmers and their crops and livestock. If the rains dont come as expected then farming patterns can be disrupted. Not to mention the effects of drought and flood, as covered above. The economy of many countries greatly depends on agriculture, meaning that the disruption not only harms health and availability of food, but the economy as a whole and food prices rise dramatically in contrast. Satellite image of monsoon bust conditions.Satellite image of monsoon burst conditions. Burst Break Characteristics of monsoon A seasonal wind in southern Asia that blows from the southwest in summer and from the northeast in winter takes place over distances of thousands of kilometers, and their two frequent patterns of wind flow act over a periodical time scale. Monsoons are regional scale wind systems that predictably change direction with the passing of the seasons. These wind systems like land/sea breezes are created by the temperature contrasts that exist between the surfaces of land and ocean. However, monsoons are different from land/sea breezes both spatially and temporally. In the summer, the continents become much warmer than the oceans because of a number of factors. Some of these factors include specific heat differences between land and water, greater evaporation over water surfaces. Monsoon winds blow from the cooler ocean surfaces onto the warmer continents during the summer. Precipitation is normally related with the summer monsoon. Condensation and rain are caused from the onshore winds blo wing from the inland from the warm ocean are very high in humidity, and slight cooling of these air masses. In some cases, this precipitation can be greatly intensified by orography uplift. The winter monsoons bring clear dry weather and winds that flow from land to sea. Some highland areas in Asia receive more than 10 meters of rain during the summer months. With little solar energy available, the continents begin cooling rapidly as long wave radiation is emitted to space. In the winter, the wind patterns reverse as the ocean surfaces are now warmer. The ocean surface retains its heat energy longer because of waters high specific heat and subsurface mixing. Conclusion: In conclusion, I reached my goals and I successfully found out all the needed information on monsoons. Monsoons are seasonal winds found in many part around the world. They have many advantages and disadvantages along with good and bad effects on the agriculture of a country. There are two different types of these seasonal winds, summer and winter monsoons. Each forms and occurs in different circumstances and conditions. As a result, it is certainly not easy to live in a country that experience seasonal monsoons around the year .this research was very interesting and useful and full of information and knowledge.

Trifles by Susan Keating Glaspell Essay -- essays research papers

Trifles by Susan Keating Glaspell Mention the word feminist and most people think of the modern women's movement. Long before the bra burning of the 60’s, however, writers were writing about the lives and concerns of women living in a male dominated society. Susan Glaspell's play, Trifles, was written in 1916, long before the modern women's movement began. Her story reveals, through Glaspell's use of formal literary proprieties, the role that women are expected to play in society, and the harm that it brings not only the women, but the men as well. Character names are important in Trifles. Two characters who are never seen, John and Minnie Wright, provide the inciting incident for the play. The name "Wright" plays off the social stereotype of women seeking" Mr. Right," so they also represent the roles of men and women in the larger society. Minnie's name has a double significance, "Minnie" being "mini" or "minimized," which was descriptive of her relationship w ith John and in general of women's relationship with men. The taking of the husband's name is also important in the story. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters are not given first names. The role that society has cast them in is one that is defined by their husbands. Mrs. Peters, who is married to the sheriff, is viewed in those terms, not as an individual. The county attorney even says "for that matter a sheriff's wife is married to the law" (Glaspell ..). Mrs. Peters herself tries to fulfill that role, saying "Mrs. Hale, the law is the law" (Glaspell ..). She tries to reinforce that identity until she is faced with the brutality of what John Wright did to Minnie. She says "I know what stillness is. The law has got to punish crime, Mrs. Hale" (Glaspell ..). The difference is that she is talking about the crime committed against Minnie, not the murder. The best example of the importance of names, especially married names, is the image of Minnie Foster. "I hea r she used to wear pretty clothes and be lively when she was Minnie Foster . . ." Mrs. Hale says (Glaspell..). She talks about Minnie again on page ..: "I wish you'd seen Minnie Foster when she wore a white dress with blue ribbons and stood up there in the choir and sang" (Glaspell..). The image of Minnie Foster is used to show, by contrast, what John Wright ... ...g when she replies to the county attorney's question about the quilt, saying "we call it —knot it, Mr. Henderson" (Glaspell ..). The title, Trifles, is itself a reflection of how men view women. A "trifle" is something that is small, of no consequence. Mr. Hale says that "women are used to worrying over trifles" (Glaspell ..). The irony of the story is that while the men are running around looking for "clues," the women have discovered the key to the mystery among what the men look at as only silly women's work. The feminist agenda of Trifles is not meant to be subtle. Glaspell uses the formal elements in the play to help convey the feminist theme. The title, the character names, and the metaphors all work together to paint not only a picture of Minnie's life with John, but by extension, the lives of all women who live oppressed under male domination. Trifles is not just a reflection, however. It is also a call for women to use their perceived powerlessness as a tool to manipulate the system, and a warning to men that a system where one segment of the population dominates and oppresses another, cannot and will not be tolerated forever.

“Many Scientists Have Concluded That Human Activities Are Acting to Raise Global Temperatures”

Introduction Climatologists (scientists who study climate) have analyzed the global warming that has occurred since the late 1800's. A majority of climatologists have concluded that human activities are responsible for most of the warming. Human activities are throwing our natural greenhouse gas effect out of balance (Norby & Luo, 2004:282). Basically, we are surrounded by a blanket of air called the atmosphere which has kept the temperature on earth just right for centuries (Climate and Society).Just as the glass in a greenhouse holds the suns warmth inside, so the atmosphere traps the suns heat near the earths surface and keeps the earth warm. We call this the natural greenhouse effect because it makes the earth a perfect planet for growing and living things. Because of this blanket, for hundreds of years the earths atmosphere has changed very little. It has kept the right temperature for plants, animal and humans to survive quite comfortably (Norby & Luo, 2004:282). Greenhouse gas ses are both natural and manmade. These gasses are Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) and Nitrous Oxide (Miller, 2005:475).This following essay will detail various human activities as well as other forces that are affecting the natural greenhouse gas effect. Furthermore, it will address the issue of global warming as well as outline some of the many consequences of global warming. Global Temperatures The main human activities that contribute to global warming are the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and the clearing of land. Most of the burning occurs in automobiles, in factories, and in electric power plants that provide energy for houses and office buildings (Juery Rohrer, 2007).The burning of fossil fuels creates carbon dioxide, whose chemical formula is CO2. CO2 is a greenhouse gas that slows the escape of heat into space. Trees and other plants remove CO2 from the air during photosynthesis, the process they use to produce food(Miller , 2005:475). The clearing of land contributes to the build up of CO2 by reducing the rate at which the gas is removed from the atmosphere or by the decomposition of dead vegetation (Juery Rohrer, 2007) The emissions of CO2 have been dramatically increased within the last 50 years and are still increasing by almost 3% each year, see graph below:Graph 1 (Juery Rohrer, 2007) The carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere where it remains for 100 to 200 years. This leads to an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere, which in turn causes the average temperature on Earth to rise (Miller, 2005:475) (see graph on next page). Graph 2 (Juery Rohrer, 2007) A small number of scientists argue that the increase in greenhouse gases has not made a measurable difference in the temperature. They say that natural processes could have caused global warming. Those processes include increases in the energy emitted by the sun (Norby & Luo, 2004:282).But the vast majority of climato logists believe that increases in the sun's energy have contributed only slightly to recent warming. Global Warming Continued global warming could have many damaging effects. It might harm plants and animals that live in the sea. It could also force animals and plants on land to move to new habitats (McCright & Dunlap, 2000:517). Weather patterns could change, causing flooding, drought, and an increase in damaging storms. Global warming could melt enough polar ice to raise the sea level. In certain parts of the world, human disease could spread, and crop yields could decline (McCright & Dunlap, 2000:517) .Some details of the damaging effects include: †¢Harm to ocean life Through global warming, the surface waters of the oceans could become warmer, increasing the stress on ocean ecosystems, such as coral reefs. High water temperatures can cause a damaging process called coral bleaching. When corals bleach, they expel the algae that give them their colour and nourishment. The cor als turn white and, unless the water temperature cools, they die. Added warmth also helps spread diseases that affect sea creatures. †¢Changes of habitat Widespread shifts might occur in the natural habitats of animals and plants.Many species would have difficulty surviving in the regions they now inhabit. For example, many flowering plants will not bloom without a sufficient period of winter cold. And human occupation has altered the landscape in ways that would make new habitats hard to reach or unavailable altogether. †¢Weather damage Extreme weather conditions might become more frequent and therefore more damaging. Changes in rainfall patterns could increase both flooding and drought in some areas. More hurricanes and other tropical storms might occur, and they could become more powerful. †¢Rising sea levelContinued global warming might, over centuries, melt large amounts of ice from a vast sheet that covers most of West Antarctica. As a result, the sea level woul d rise throughout the world. Many coastal areas would experience flooding, erosion, a loss of wetlands, and an entry of seawater into freshwater areas. High sea levels would submerge some coastal cities, small island nations, and other inhabited regions. †¢Threats to human health Tropical diseases, such as malaria and dengue, might spread to larger regions. Longer-lasting and more intense heat waves could cause more deaths and illnesses.Floods and droughts could increase hunger and malnutrition. Conclusion Human activity definitely have had a noticeable and documented effect on the steady rise in global temperatures, but there are also arguably other factors that contribute to overall global warming. Either way the argument should not be about who or what to blame for global warming but rather how to slow it down and repair the damage that is being done. Reference list Juery Rohrer. (2007). Time for change. Retrieved April 12 2010 from http://timeforchange. org/CO2-cause-of-glo bal-warmingMcCright, A,M. , & Dunlap, R,E. (2000). Challeging global warming as a social problem: An alalysis of the conservative movements counter-claim. Journal of Social Problems, 47(4), 500-522. Climate and Society. The earth institute. Retrieved April 12 2010 from http://www. earthinstitute. columbia. edu/about/about. html Miller, G,T,JR. (2005). Living in the Environment, 14th ed, Thomson Brooks/Cole. Norby,R,J. , & Luo, Y. (2004). Evaluating ecosystems responses to rising atmospheric CO2 and global warming in a multi-factor world. New Phytologist, 162(2), 281-293. â€Å"Many Scientists Have Concluded That Human Activities Are Acting to Raise Global Temperatures† Introduction Climatologists (scientists who study climate) have analyzed the global warming that has occurred since the late 1800's. A majority of climatologists have concluded that human activities are responsible for most of the warming. Human activities are throwing our natural greenhouse gas effect out of balance (Norby & Luo, 2004:282). Basically, we are surrounded by a blanket of air called the atmosphere which has kept the temperature on earth just right for centuries (Climate and Society).Just as the glass in a greenhouse holds the suns warmth inside, so the atmosphere traps the suns heat near the earths surface and keeps the earth warm. We call this the natural greenhouse effect because it makes the earth a perfect planet for growing and living things. Because of this blanket, for hundreds of years the earths atmosphere has changed very little. It has kept the right temperature for plants, animal and humans to survive quite comfortably (Norby & Luo, 2004:282). Greenhouse gas ses are both natural and manmade. These gasses are Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) and Nitrous Oxide (Miller, 2005:475).This following essay will detail various human activities as well as other forces that are affecting the natural greenhouse gas effect. Furthermore, it will address the issue of global warming as well as outline some of the many consequences of global warming. Global Temperatures The main human activities that contribute to global warming are the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and the clearing of land. Most of the burning occurs in automobiles, in factories, and in electric power plants that provide energy for houses and office buildings (Juery Rohrer, 2007).The burning of fossil fuels creates carbon dioxide, whose chemical formula is CO2. CO2 is a greenhouse gas that slows the escape of heat into space. Trees and other plants remove CO2 from the air during photosynthesis, the process they use to produce food(Miller , 2005:475). The clearing of land contributes to the build up of CO2 by reducing the rate at which the gas is removed from the atmosphere or by the decomposition of dead vegetation (Juery Rohrer, 2007) The emissions of CO2 have been dramatically increased within the last 50 years and are still increasing by almost 3% each year, see graph below:Graph 1 (Juery Rohrer, 2007) The carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere where it remains for 100 to 200 years. This leads to an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere, which in turn causes the average temperature on Earth to rise (Miller, 2005:475) (see graph on next page). Graph 2 (Juery Rohrer, 2007) A small number of scientists argue that the increase in greenhouse gases has not made a measurable difference in the temperature. They say that natural processes could have caused global warming. Those processes include increases in the energy emitted by the sun (Norby & Luo, 2004:282).But the vast majority of climato logists believe that increases in the sun's energy have contributed only slightly to recent warming. Global Warming Continued global warming could have many damaging effects. It might harm plants and animals that live in the sea. It could also force animals and plants on land to move to new habitats (McCright & Dunlap, 2000:517). Weather patterns could change, causing flooding, drought, and an increase in damaging storms. Global warming could melt enough polar ice to raise the sea level. In certain parts of the world, human disease could spread, and crop yields could decline (McCright & Dunlap, 2000:517) .Some details of the damaging effects include: †¢Harm to ocean life Through global warming, the surface waters of the oceans could become warmer, increasing the stress on ocean ecosystems, such as coral reefs. High water temperatures can cause a damaging process called coral bleaching. When corals bleach, they expel the algae that give them their colour and nourishment. The cor als turn white and, unless the water temperature cools, they die. Added warmth also helps spread diseases that affect sea creatures. †¢Changes of habitat Widespread shifts might occur in the natural habitats of animals and plants.Many species would have difficulty surviving in the regions they now inhabit. For example, many flowering plants will not bloom without a sufficient period of winter cold. And human occupation has altered the landscape in ways that would make new habitats hard to reach or unavailable altogether. †¢Weather damage Extreme weather conditions might become more frequent and therefore more damaging. Changes in rainfall patterns could increase both flooding and drought in some areas. More hurricanes and other tropical storms might occur, and they could become more powerful. †¢Rising sea levelContinued global warming might, over centuries, melt large amounts of ice from a vast sheet that covers most of West Antarctica. As a result, the sea level woul d rise throughout the world. Many coastal areas would experience flooding, erosion, a loss of wetlands, and an entry of seawater into freshwater areas. High sea levels would submerge some coastal cities, small island nations, and other inhabited regions. †¢Threats to human health Tropical diseases, such as malaria and dengue, might spread to larger regions. Longer-lasting and more intense heat waves could cause more deaths and illnesses.Floods and droughts could increase hunger and malnutrition. Conclusion Human activity definitely have had a noticeable and documented effect on the steady rise in global temperatures, but there are also arguably other factors that contribute to overall global warming. Either way the argument should not be about who or what to blame for global warming but rather how to slow it down and repair the damage that is being done. Reference list Juery Rohrer. (2007). Time for change. Retrieved April 12 2010 from http://timeforchange. org/CO2-cause-of-glo bal-warmingMcCright, A,M. , & Dunlap, R,E. (2000). Challeging global warming as a social problem: An alalysis of the conservative movements counter-claim. Journal of Social Problems, 47(4), 500-522. Climate and Society. The earth institute. Retrieved April 12 2010 from http://www. earthinstitute. columbia. edu/about/about. html Miller, G,T,JR. (2005). Living in the Environment, 14th ed, Thomson Brooks/Cole. Norby,R,J. , & Luo, Y. (2004). Evaluating ecosystems responses to rising atmospheric CO2 and global warming in a multi-factor world. New Phytologist, 162(2), 281-293.